Visual diagnostics of personality traits was developed on the basis of the teachings of psychologists about the properties of character. The dominants received their names from the terms used in psychiatry that characterize a particular mental disorder of a person.

However, dominants or, as they are also called, accentuations, are only personality traits in which individual character traits are excessively enhanced. This leads to a person's tendency to apply the same behaviors in different situations, to choose the appropriate style in clothing and accessories.

The essence of the technique is that by external signs (visual psychodiagnostics) it is possible to determine the characteristics of the character - the dominants. Thus, in real time, without the use of psychological tests, one can see the psychological and communicative features of the interlocutor in his behavior, in the manner of building communication, and also in appearance.

8 dominants:

1. Paranoid dominant (purposeful).
2. Hysteroid dominant (demonstrative).
3. Epileptoid dominant (stuck).
4. Epileptoid dominant (excitable).
5. Schizoid dominant (weird).
6. Hyperthymic dominant (cheerful).
7. Emotive dominant (sensitive).
8. Anxious dominant (fearful).

Paranoid dominant (purposeful)

These are usually people with a powerful inner core. They live mainly by their idea, fight for it, suffer, defend it. They are not receptive to information from outside. They listen only to their own opinion (“One is mine, the other is wrong ...”), which often results in a reluctance to listen to others, leading to a desire to avoid problems. People of the paranoid type are strategists, but not tactics. Their goals are global, and the scale is enormous. It is this type of people who stubbornly go towards a goal that would seem unattainable for others. The life of such people is built on principles, which allows them to calmly go over their heads. The basic principle by which they live is: "He who is not with us is against us." They tend to lie within the framework of the idea, they consider only the end result important, and, as you know, all means are good to achieve the goal. Demanding to themselves and others and always evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the interlocutor. Usually people with paranoid dominance are not sensitive to stress. This is definitely a strong personality type.

Cloth: People of the paranoid psychotype are characterized by tidiness, classic clothing style during working hours and military style in their free time. Usually in this style there is nothing superfluous, all accessories are “in place”.

Mimicry: Powerful, confident.

Gestures: Broad, cutting, pointing. Such people tend to often break the distance with the interlocutor in order to confuse him.

Speech: Confident. A mentor tone is possible. Such people like to talk about topics of interest only to them. They are consistent in presentation (firstly, secondly, thirdly…) and often use harsh language, words, and judgments.

Model of positive communication: To establish rapport with such people, it is recommended to demonstrate your strength (status). In the discussion, make reference to laws or the opinions of authoritative people. It is worth giving a clear structure of the arguments (firstly, secondly, thirdly ...). Most successfully, an interlocutor with a pronounced paranoid dominant will listen to an imperious, authoritative person than to a subordinate. You can try to show the importance of your proposals for solving the global idea of ​​the paranoid.

Hysteroid dominant (demonstrative)

The hysterical dominant contributes to the desire to please. Such people often present themselves as endowed with an acting gift. Life for them is a theater, and those around them are spectators. From this, they behave defiantly and strive to be noticed. In communication, one can observe mannerisms and excessive talkativeness. Usually hysteroids believe in what is said, despite the possible inaccuracy of the information or inconsistency of the facts. This is the result of a desire to embellish any story. Sometimes it is enough just to listen and “inconsistencies” will appear themselves. Such a person uses every opportunity to speak. This is the weak type. nervous system.

Cloth: Often "provocative", either bright or with extravagant details, is complemented by a large amount of jewelry, accessories and bright makeup for women. In men, you can see the excessive presence of jewelry or any other eye-catching details of appearance. For example, a neckerchief, an abundance of rings, etc.

Mimicry: All emotions on the face of people with a predominant hysterical dominant look hypertrophied. These are wide smiles, open-mouthed laughter, sadness with tears, universal sorrow.

Gestures: Wide, pictorial gestures and accentuated postures predominate.

Speech: Emotional and expressive, with dramatic pauses.

Model of positive communication: With such an interlocutor, the best position is the listener. A person with a predominant hysterical dominant reveals himself more if you pretend to believe the game. If you praise such an interlocutor, then he will make any decision in your favor. To catch a lie, you just need to ask to repeat the story.

Epileptoid dominant (stuck)

One of the varieties of people with a predominant epileptoid dominant is a stuck epileptoid. This means that, due to his characteristics, such a person is rigid, poorly switching from one to another. Often these people are systematic, punctual, unhurried, pragmatic. For them, preparation is important if any decision is to be made. They should always have everything in its place. This category people intolerant when someone changes his order. Such people are used to planning and writing everything down. The life principle of a stuck epileptoid: "My home is my castle." Contacts tend to get stuck badly. From the outside it may seem that this is a gloomy or even angry person. Also stuck are exceptionally picky when choosing friends. However, if such a person called you a friend, he would never betray and, if necessary, sacrifice everything for you. The epileptoid loves his job, very rarely changes jobs. His social focus is family.

Cloth: Practical and comfortable. Classical clothes at work, casual at home.

Mimicry: The look is direct, confident, sometimes it may seem heavy to the interlocutor. Emotional outbursts are rare and insignificant.

Gestures: Clear, well-defined.

Speech: Mslow, lethargic.

Model of positive communication: A conversation with such an interlocutor is successful if you give him a coherent, reasoned system of evidence. The process should take place without fuss and spontaneous manifestations. The epileptoid must see "his" interest, then cooperation is guaranteed to you.

Epileptoid dominant (excitable)

This feature of people with a pronounced epileptoid dominant (excitability) determines the category of tough and cruel people. They may play sports or take part in competitive activities. Excitable epileptoids, as well as stuck ones, are often neat and tidy. Such people prefer short haircuts, short nails, sporty clothing. They seem to be always ready to fight. You can also notice a love of order and hierarchy, often cynicism towards others. Such people are blindly loyal to instructions. Their principle is "I followed orders...". In the means of achieving goals, the excitable are illegible and easily blame others, including falsely, as if testing for strength. Unlike stuck epileptoids, these people are unpredictable and impulsive in their decisions. They strive to achieve their personal goals, and everything else is treated according to the principle "Do not load ...". Prone to antisocial behavior, alcoholism, drug addiction. This is a strong type of nervous system.

Cloth: An excitable epileptoid is expressed through a sporty style of clothing.

Mimicry: The look is direct, aggressive, facial expressions are often small and constrained.

Gestures: Heavy, emphasized by the participation of muscles (muscle flexing). This is a crude show of force.

Speech: Mslow, hard.

Model of positive communication: When communicating with such a psychotype of people, it is recommended to keep a distance and maintain a hard line without concessions (otherwise it will immediately start pushing through). It is also important to show your importance and authority in the issue of interest. At the same time, it is desirable not to provoke an excitable epileptoid to rash actions. Or in the event of a "failure" of the interlocutor, the situation will be difficult to keep under control. The epileptoid will gladly respond to the offer "to be friends against ...".

Schizoid dominant (weird)

People with schizoid dominant have their own ideas about reality, their own vision of situations. These are people who have their own personal world, where they decide for themselves which laws to obey. They are characterized by creativity without patterns and unpredictable behavior. These are pronounced introverts. Their peculiarity is that they are "Not like everyone else." They often differ in awkward and extraordinary appearance. These are either seemingly fragile people, or clumsy, somewhere grotesque, sometimes awkward, outwardly angular. The type of nervous system in such people is weak.

Cloth: Often their clothes are inharmonious, may be sloppy and "full" of unexpected details. Unlike the hysteroid dominant, schizoids do not have a clear "image".

Mimicry: A characteristic look “past the interlocutor to nowhere ...” and a mismatch of facial expressions and gestures is possible (for example, there is joy on the face, and the fists are clenched).

Gestures: Also angular, inconsistent and awkward.

Speech: Quite highly intelligent, with an abundance of terminology, possibly indicating various sources of information.

Model of positive communication: Given the introversion of the dominant, personal communication is a burden for such people. Schizoid personalities will prefer correspondence communication. If personal contact is necessary, in a conversation with them, harsh assessments and direct criticism should be avoided (schizoids are very touchy). It is better to set tasks, focusing on the final result, and to report (if this is the boss), only with specific results. Such a person does not perceive processes.

Hyperthymic dominant (cheerful)

The hyperthymic dominant characterizes energetic people who love life in all its manifestations. Such people are often optimistic and tend to find positive aspects in any situation. They are happy with everything new and never lose heart. They are happy to make contacts, they like to communicate. They have wit and a good sense of humour. Such a person takes on several tasks at once and solves them. The hyperthymic dominant is flexible and quickly switched from one thing to another. Hyperthyms often prefer extreme rest. This is a strong type of nervous system.

Cloth: Versatile, comfortable, non-restrictive.

Mimicry: Lively, cheerful, energetic.

Gestures: Cheerful, fast. In movements, hyperthym is a fidget, often drops things, bumps into corners and people.

Speech: Enthusiastic. Such people can talk and lose the thread of the conversation, but then suddenly return to the topic.

Model of positive communication: Open and free communication is recommended with such people. They always make contact, are prone to excessive trust.

Emotive dominant (sensitive)

The emotive dominant is characteristic of the category of people who are distinguished by pronounced kindness. Such people are accustomed to empathize with others. In a conversation, they usually listen carefully and show understanding. These are emotionally passive people who love to observe other people's experiences, rather than experience themselves. Emotives like to watch TV shows, series, films with emotional scenes, read books that cause feelings. There is a tendency to avoid conflicts, psychosomatic manifestations are possible, which intensify against the background of stress. This is a weak type of nervous system.

Cloth: Soft, pleasant to the touch, restraining movement or just comfortable.

Mimicry: Weak, insecure. Such people can be distinguished by the effect of "wet eyes".

Gestures: Smooth, without angularity, they can stroke their hands during a conversation.

Speech: Quiet. Emotives are more ready to listen, they almost do not mind, they rarely lie.

Model of positive communication: With such people, congruence, equality in communication is recommended. It is also important to show signs of trust and it is recommended to find common interests.

Anxious dominant (fearful)

People with a pronounced anxious dominant are characterized by increased anxiety, constant reinsurance against mistakes. Such people are often unable to make their own decisions. They try to close themselves from communication, they get very worried when they make contacts. They have their own soothing rituals (for example, wipe their feet, spit over their shoulders, drink coffee every day before starting work “to work in”). They are punctual and follow instructions to avoid penalties. These are people who are restrained in their statements and actions. Their motto is "Measure seven times, cut once." Weak type of nervous system.

Cloth: Dim and closed. Dark and gray plain or with a small geometric pattern of fabrics are preferred.

Mimicry: Weak, insecure.

Gestures: Self-soothing, anxious, often touching himself, wringing his hands. The postures of such people are constrained, as if in anticipation that they are about to “take off” from their place and run.

Speech: Quiet, unsure. Fear of saying the wrong thing.

Model of positive communication: Such an interlocutor is recommended to show encouraging signs of attention, show trust, praise for any positive statement, it is better not to criticize unnecessarily. If criticism is necessary, it should be presented in such a way that the opponent understands that there is nothing wrong with the current situation. Also, in dealing with "anxious" subordinates, it is necessary to give the most detailed, precise instructions.

If it is necessary to diagnose the dominant personality, it should be remembered that dominants are only enhanced character traits. These characteristics describe "ideal" categories of personality traits. In reality, an individual most often has several dominants (two or three dominants), but their severity can be “blurred”, since a person has not one model of behavior, but several. Based on this technique, the diagnostician can assume which behavior model is most consistent with successful interaction in a particular situation with a certain psychotype. To do this, in order to avoid erroneous assessments, you should always return yourself to the idea that appearances can be deceiving, like words. Therefore, the forecast for actions often turns out to be of better quality.

Artem Pavlov (Moscow) is a consultant for special services and business in the field of behavioral analysis with more than 15 years of operational experience. Expert in visual psychodiagnostics of personality. profiler. Physiognomist. Graphologist. Former intelligence officer. Founder of the Agency for Economic and Personnel Security "D.I".

about how certain dominant character traits on the building sexual relationships, says sexologist Elena Belova.

Accentuations character, traits idiosyncrasies in a person’s character, which, while not going beyond the mental norm, can, under certain conditions, significantly complicate his relations with others, including in the sexual sphere. Most people have different nuances character numerous and intertwined. At the same time, there are a significant number of people with a clear predominance of some traits. character over others. Such sharpening, accentuation, that is, the excessive strengthening of certain features, literally permeates the entire mental mood of the individual. Such people are very vulnerable in specific life situations, many things are perceived more dramatically and sexual problems are not long in coming.

Characteristics of the most common accentuations.

The hysterical, or demonstrative type, is distinguished by extreme selfishness, a thirst for attention to one's person, a need for veneration and admiration. Your "I" is valued above everything in the world. Outwardly, bright emotionality and sensuality are in fact nothing more than posturing. Deep feelings are not available to people with this accentuation. Sexual feeling and attraction is not distinguished by either strength or tension, and there is a lot of feigned sex in sex. You are only allowed to love yourself. In sex, only take, without giving anything in return.

The hyperthymic type is characterized by sociability, noisiness, mobility, excessive independence, and a tendency to mischief. In such persons, high spirits always prevail. They always reach out to the company, strive for leadership. The "weak point" is intolerance to strict discipline, strict regime, especially if all contacts with other people are reduced to a minimum. In such situations, hyperthymics become irritable, quick-tempered, and experience mental discomfort. In sex, they always try to play "first violin", they demand admiration from their sexual partner for their skills and virtues.

The asthenoneurotic type is characterized by increased fatigue, irritability, anxiety for one's health and fate. Such people are highly predisposed to the formation of neurotic and sexual disorders. So, in men at any age, even minor changes in sex and sexual activity immediately cause a feeling of anxiety and lack of confidence in their abilities, which in turn leads to even greater sexual disorders.

The sensitive type is characterized by timidity and shyness, resentment, excessive impressionability, the formation of a sense of one's own inferiority. In an unfamiliar environment, such people are timid and shy, unsociable with strangers. Masturbation can serve as a source of severe remorse in young people with a sensitive type of accentuation. They are afraid that others will find out about an obscene, in their opinion, occupation. Sometimes they even tend to regard their own weakness, timidity and shyness as the consequences of onanism. It can be very difficult for young men to overcome shyness and shyness in communicating with the opposite sex, and to enter into sexual contact. With age, especially with a calm, benevolent and understanding sexual partner, sensitive character traits. In other cases, when a person is periodically ridiculed, cannot establish sexual relations with the opposite sex for a long time, these character traits, on the contrary, are sharpened.

The psychoasthenic type is characterized by indecision, a tendency to endless reasoning, anxious suspiciousness in the form of endless fears for one's future. Indecision is especially pronounced when it is necessary to make an independent choice. Sexual problems are not uncommon. During adolescence, intense masturbation can become a source of remorse and self-punishment. In the future, psychasthenics experience difficulties in intimate life(sex), starting from the first meeting and ending with painful doubts about the admissibility of sex, about its possibility. A tendency to anxious fears, often manifested in endless painful thoughts about one's sexual attractiveness. At the slightest failure or accusations from the partner, psychogenic sexual disorders may occur: neurosis of
expectation of failure in a man, inhibition of sexual arousal and orgasm in a woman.

The schizoid type is quite rare. It is characterized by isolation, secrecy, detachment from what is happening around, inability or unwillingness to establish deep contacts with others. External asexuality and even contempt for gender issues are often combined with persistent masturbation and rich erotic fantasies, which, due to low sociability, remain the main sexual experiences of such people for a long time, taking them further and further away from real sexual life.

The epileptoid or excitable type is characterized by a tendency to a melancholy-evil mood with a boiling mood and a search for an object on which to vent evil. Common features are thoroughness and stiffness of thinking, emotional inertia. Pedantic and scrupulously meticulous in personal life. They pay much attention to their health, strict observance of their interests is combined with vindictiveness, unwillingness to forgive insults. Sexual attraction from adolescence is characterized by great tension. Love is almost always painted with gloomy colors of jealousy, the fear of getting a venereal disease pushes back the beginning sexual contacts. In some cases, representatives of this type are prone to sexual aggression. During sex, they can show sadistic or masochistic inclinations, as they are more likely to form sexual perversions.

The unstable type is determined by lack of will, which manifests itself in study, work, and the performance of duties. The craving for entertainment and pleasure prevails. Deep love for loved ones is never cherished. Family concerns are treated with indifference. In teenagers with this type of accentuation, the sexual desire is not strong, but being in street groups sometimes leads to early sexual experience. Sex becomes a source of entertainment. Intimate relationships are not even sex without love, but a game of sex out of boredom.

The emotionally labile type is characterized by extreme variability of mood, which fluctuates too often and sharply, even from insignificant occasions. Everything depends on the mood: well-being, appetite, efficiency and sociability. In fact, representatives of this type are distinguished by deep feelings and sincere affection for those from whom they see love, care and attention. Sexual activity has long been limited to flirting and courtship. Main stability issue relations with an emotionally labile personality lies in the ability and desire of her partner to adapt to an endless series of mood swings of a spouse and periodically arising in connection with this everyday difficulties.

Infantile-dependent accentuation is distinguished by sexologists and sexopathologists. The main features are the dependence on the mother preserved in adulthood, lack of independence with complete sexual lack of initiative. The costs of upbringing, combined with insufficient physical development and a weak constitution, lead to helplessness and a constant need for maternal caresses that does not weaken with age. Sex plays a minor role in their lives. As a result, some men of this type remain bachelors. The experience of communicating with the opposite sex is limited only by romantic memories. Others may engage in sexual intimacy if the initiative is entirely taken by the woman. In intimate relationships, they always gravitate towards older women who have worldly and sexual experience. In marriage, they feel comfortable if the wives manage to satisfy their need for maternal tenderness, care and guardianship.

When communicating with people who have accentuations character, it is useful to take into account their personal qualities, strengths and weaknesses, some features of the sexual sphere. In everyday life, this allows you to better understand such a person and build relationships with him correctly.

Paranoid

high degree of purposefulness.

Attractive character traits: high energy, independence, independence, reliability in cooperation, if his goals coincide with the goals of those people with whom he works together.

: aggressiveness, irritability, anger, which manifest themselves when something or someone is on the way to achieving the goal; insensitivity to someone else's grief, lack of sincerity in relations with people, authoritarianism.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: does not tolerate the lack of public recognition and approval of his successes; he is exceedingly ambitious, but by and large, not by small things.

epileptoid

Dominant character traits: love of order, the desire to maintain the already established order, conservatism (do not recognize what is not yet accepted by others); high energy, aggressiveness.

: thoroughness, accuracy, diligence, frugality (often turning into excessive pedantry), reliability (always fulfills its promises), punctuality, attentiveness to one's health.

Repulsive personality traits: cruelty, insensitivity to someone else's grief, excessive demands, leading to irritability in connection with the noticed disorder, the carelessness of others or the violation of certain rules by them. An epileptoid for himself is the only good person.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: he practically does not tolerate disobedience to himself and violently rebels against the infringement of his interests.

Hyperthym

Dominant character traits: constantly elevated mood, extroversion, i.e. appeal to the world around, openness to communication with people, the joy of this communication, which is combined with good health and a flourishing appearance.

Attractive character traits: energy, optimism, generosity, the desire to help people, initiative, talkativeness, cheerfulness, and his mood almost does not depend on what is happening around him. But high vitality, splashing energy, unbridled activity, thirst for activity are combined with a tendency to scatter and do not bring the work begun to the end.

Repulsive personality traits: surface, inability to concentrate on any particular matter or thought for a long time, constant haste (strives to do something more interesting) at the moment jumping from one thing to another, disorganization, familiarity, frivolity, willingness to take unbridled risks, rudeness, inclination to projecting and immoral acts.

"Weak Link" this psychotype: does not tolerate a monotonous environment, monotonous work that requires careful, painstaking work, or a sharp restriction of communication; he is oppressed by loneliness or forced idleness.

Hysteroid

Dominant character traits: demonstrativeness, i.e. the desire to be constantly in the spotlight, and sometimes at any cost, boundless egocentrism, an insatiable thirst for constant attention to oneself, admiration, surprise, reverence, worship.

Attractive character traits: perseverance and initiative, sociability and dedication, resourcefulness and activity, pronounced organizational skills, independence and willingness to take leadership, energy, although he quickly fizzles out after a burst of energy.

Repulsive personality traits: the ability to intrigue and demagogy, deceit and hypocrisy, cockiness and recklessness, thoughtless risk (but only in the presence of spectators), boasting of non-existent successes, taking into account only one's own desires, clearly overestimated self-esteem, resentment when they hurt him personally.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: the inability to endure blows to egocentrism, the exposure of his fictions, and even more so their ridicule, which can lead to acute affective reactions, including the depiction of suicidal attempts.

Schizoid

Dominant character traits: introversion, i.e. fixation of interests on the phenomena of one's own inner world, behind which the highest value is recognized.

This is a pronounced mental type, constantly comprehending the surrounding reality. At the same time, he independently creates analysis schemes and tries to explain the existing world with their help.

Attractive character traits: seriousness, non-fussiness, reticence, stability of interests and constancy of occupations.

The schizoid is very productive, can work on his ideas for a long time, but does not break through them, does not put them into practice.

Repulsive personality traits: isolation, coldness, rationality.

The schizoid is low-energy, inactive during intensive work, both physical and intellectual. Emotionally cold, almost does not express any emotions: he is not sad and does not rejoice, does not get angry and does not laugh. He is indifferent to someone else's misfortune, maybe even cruel. But his egoism is not conscious, he simply does not notice someone else's grief. At the same time, the schizoid may himself be vulnerable, as he is proud. He doesn't like it when his system is criticized.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: he does not tolerate situations in which it is necessary to establish informal emotional contacts, and the forcible intrusion of strangers into his inner world.

Psychastenoid

Dominant character traits: uncertainty and anxious suspiciousness, fear for the future of oneself and loved ones.

Attractive character traits: accuracy, seriousness, conscientiousness, prudence, self-criticism, even mood, loyalty to given promises, reliability.

Repulsive personality traits: indecision, a certain formalism, lack of initiative, a tendency to endless reasoning, self-digging, the presence of obsessions, fears. Moreover, fears are addressed mainly to a possible event, even an unlikely one in the future, according to the principle "no matter what happens." Therefore, the psychastenoid believes in omens so much.

Another form of protection against constant fears is conscious formalism and pedantry, which are based on the idea that if everything is carefully thought out in advance, foreseen and then acted without deviating a single step from the planned plan, then nothing bad will happen, everything will work out.

The “weak link” of this psychotype is the fear of responsibility for oneself and for others.

sensitive

Dominant character traits: hypersensitivity, impressionability, feeling of inferiority.

Sensitives are timid and shy, especially among strangers and in unusual surroundings. They see many shortcomings in themselves, especially in the moral, ethical and volitional spheres.

Attractive character traits: kindness, calmness, attentiveness to people, a sense of duty, high internal discipline, responsibility, conscientiousness, self-criticism, increased demands on oneself. The sensitive seeks to overcome its weaknesses.

Repulsive personality traits: suspiciousness, fearfulness, isolation, a tendency to self-flagellation and self-abasement, confusion in difficult situations, increased resentment and conflict on this basis.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: does not tolerate ridicule or suspicion of others in unseemly acts, unfriendly attention or public accusations.

Hypothym

Dominant character traits: constantly low mood, tendency to depressive affects.

The mood of a hypothym is also constantly changing, like that of a hyperthym, but only these changes are with a minus sign. Therefore, the mood is almost always bad.

Attractive character traits: conscientiousness and a sharp critical view of the world.

Hypotim strives to be at home more often, creating coziness and warmth, and thereby avoiding unnecessary unrest.

Repulsive personality traits: touchiness, vulnerability, constant despondency, a tendency to look for a manifestation of ailments in oneself, various diseases, almost complete lack of interests and hobbies.

Low energy hypothym is expressed in rapid fatigue, he often falls into apathy, dull thoughts appear. Because of this, he is really haunted by failures, he gets used to it, complaining to others about fate, about unfair treatment of himself, etc.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: open disagreement with him in the perception of reality.

Conformal type

Dominant character traits: constant and excessive adaptability to his immediate environment, almost complete dependence on the small group (family, company) in which he is currently included.

Life goes under the motto: "Think like everyone else, do like everyone else, and so that everything is like everyone else." This extends to the style of clothing, and views on the most important issues.

Attractive character traits: friendliness, diligence, discipline, complaisance. In the group, they are not a source of conflict or contention, as they accept the lifestyle of the group without any critical reflection, it is convenient to command them.

Repulsive personality traits: lack of independence, lack of will, almost complete lack of criticality both in relation to oneself and one's immediate environment, which can cause immoral acts.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: does not tolerate drastic changes. Breaking the life stereotype. Deprivation of the familiar environment can cause reactive states.

Unstable type

Dominant character trait: complete inconstancy of manifestations. Unlike the conformal psychotype, the unstable one does not depend on the group of people around him, but on any person who at that moment was next to him. Nothing can hold him back, he succumbs to the influence of this person.

Attractive character traits: sociability, openness, helpfulness, goodwill, speed of switching in business and communication.

Repulsive personality traits: lack of will, craving for empty time - pastime and entertainment, talkativeness, boasting, conciliation, hypocrisy, cowardice, irresponsibility.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: neglect, lack of control, which sometimes lead to serious consequences.

Astenik

Dominant character traits: increased fatigue, irritability, tendency to hypochondria.

Attractive character traits: accuracy, discipline, modesty, complaisance, diligence, friendliness, forgiveness, the ability to repent.

Repulsive personality traits: capriciousness, tearfulness, self-doubt, lethargy, forgetfulness.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: sudden affective outbursts due to severe fatigue and irritability.

labile type

Dominant character traits: extreme volatility of mood, which changes too often and excessively abruptly from insignificant (imperceptible to others) reasons. Almost everything depends on the state of mind at the moment: appetite, and sleep, and general well-being and the desire to communicate, and working capacity and the desire to learn, etc.

sociability, good nature, sensitivity and affection, sincerity and responsiveness (in a period of high spirits).

Repulsive character traits: irritability, irascibility, pugnacity, weakened self-control, a tendency to conflict (during periods of depressed mood). During a simple conversation, it can flare up, tears will well up, ready to say something bold, offensive.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: emotional rejection by significant people, loss of loved ones or separation from those to whom he is attached.

Cycloid

Dominant character traits: change of two opposite states - hyperthymic and hypothymic, cyclic changes in the emotional background (periods of high spirits are replaced by phases of emotional decline).

Attractive character traits: initiative, cheerfulness, sociability (during the period of mood elevation, when it looks like hyperthymia); sadness, thoughtfulness, lethargy, loss of strength - everything falls out of hand; what was easy yesterday, today does not work at all or requires incredible efforts (during a mood decline, when it looks like a hypothymia).

Repulsive personality traits: inconsistency, imbalance, indifference, outbursts of irritability, excessive resentment towards others. During a recession, it becomes more difficult to live, study, and communicate. Companies begin to annoy, risk and adventure, entertainment and contacts lose their former appeal.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: emotional rejection by people who are significant to him and a radical break in life stereotypes.

Final control

1. Match

2. Fill in the gaps.

a) A person whose interests are mainly directed to the world around him and other people is called …………

b) A person who is more interested in his inner world and does not need a constant influx of external impressions is called ……….

c) Character is formed on the basis of …………

3. True or false.

a) The presence of accentuated traits in character always leads to the development of psychopathy.

b) The character of a person does not depend on social factors.

Topic: Mental processes: sensations, perceptions

Target: to form the concept of sensations and perceptions, their types and properties.

know:

The concept of sensations and perceptions;

The basic laws of sensations (the law of Weber-Fechner, Bouguer-Weber) types of sensations;

properties of perceptions;

be able to:

Distinguish between sensation and perception

Determine the principles of organization of perception

Use tables for different kinds of sensations.

Information material:

mental processes- this is the ability of the central nervous system of the body to reflect the impact of the surrounding world and form an image that encourages activity.

Feeling- reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world with the direct impact of stimuli on the corresponding receptors. Sensation occurs as a reaction of the nervous system to a stimulus and has a reflex character.

Classification of sensations:

1. by modality (by belonging to certain sense organs) - visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory.

2. at the location of the receptors - exteroceptive (when exposed to external stimuli on the receptors of the body surface); proprioceptive (when exposed to stimuli on receptors located in muscles, tendons, articular bags); interoceptive (when exposed to receptors located in the internal organs). In turn, exteroceptive sensations are divided into contact (tactile, gustatory) and distant (visual, auditory), olfactory sensations occupy an intermediate position.

General properties of sensations:

1. quality - a feature of a given sensation, varying within certain limits.

2. intensity - a quantitative characteristic, determined by the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor. The basic psychophysiological law of Weber-Fekner: the intensity of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the strength of the stimulus.

3. duration - a temporal characteristic that depends on the duration of the stimulus. When exposed to an irritant, the sensation does not appear immediately, there is a latent period that is not the same for different sensations.

Sensitivity- General sensibility.

Absolute sensitivity threshold:

lower - the minimum value of the stimulus that causes a barely noticeable sensation;

upper - the maximum value of the stimulus that causes an adequate sensation.

Adaptation is a change in sensitivity under the influence of the stimulus.

Perception- this is an active reflection in the mind of a person of objects or phenomena with their direct impact on the senses. In the course of perception, there is an ordering and unification of individual sensations into integral images.

Perceptual images- this is the psychic reality that a person can find in his mind with the help of self-observation.

The most important properties perceptions are:

objectivity,

structural,

meaningfulness

Integrity,

constancy,

Selectivity.

objectivity- attribution of information received from the outside world to the objects of this world.

Structurality- abstraction and generalization from the sum of sensations of the structure.

Integrity– reflection of objects in the aggregate of their properties.

constancy– the ability of the analyzer system to compensate for changes occurring with the object.

Selectivity- preferential selection of some objects in comparison with others.

meaningfulness- assignment of the perceived object to a certain group, class of objects and phenomena.

Apperception- the dependence of perception on past experience, the stock of knowledge and the general orientation of the subject's personality.

TO major factors influencing perception due to which a connected picture of reality is formed, include:

Limitations associated with the senses,

state of consciousness,

previous experience,

- “cultural modeling”.

The environment at any moment sends us thousands of various signals, of which a person can catch only a very small part.

You only need to look at a photograph taken with an infrared camera to see that it reflects a completely different image of the surroundings.

Culture takes over the regulation of the activity of the brain, introducing certain features of the worldview that are characteristic of the members of this group. There are differences in the perception of the world, life, death, etc. in different cultures.

The way of classifying what each person perceives is connected with the preliminary life experience. It is only through practice and experience that the human brain is able to structure and organize the elements of the external world in order to give them precise meaning.

organization of perception. There are a number of principles by which perceptions are united into coherent unities. These principles include:

The principle of figures and background - everything that has some meaning for a person is perceived by him as a figure on some much less structured background. This principle applies to all sense organs.

The principle of filling gaps - the human brain always tries to reduce a fragmented image into a figure with a simple and complete outline.

The principle of combining (grouping) elements - elements can be combined on the basis of proximity, similarity, continuity (imaginary), symmetry.

Proximity: Near or adjacent elements are combined into a single shape. Similarity: It is easier to combine similar elements into a single shape. Continuity: Elements will organize into a single shape if they keep the same direction. Symmetry: A shape will be considered "correct" if it has one or more axes of symmetry.

Thus, from various interpretations regarding a certain series of elements, the human brain most often chooses the simplest, the most complete, or the one that implements the largest number of the principles discussed above.

Classification of perceptions

1. by analyzers

2. according to the forms of existence of matter:

Perceptions of space: shape, size, relative position of objects, their relief, distance and direction;

Perceptions of time: duration, speed and sequence of phenomena;

Motion perception: changes in the position of an object in space.

Main literature:

1. Nemov R.S. Psychology (in 2 volumes) - M., 2004

2. Godfroy J. What is psychology. - M., 2002

3. General psychology. Ed. A.V. Petrovsky. - M., 2006

4. Gamezo M.V., Domashenko I.A. Atlas of psychology. - M., 2000

4. Krysko V.G. General psychology: in schemes and comments. - St. Petersburg, 2007

5. Stolyarenko L.D. General psychology. - St. Petersburg, 2006

Work in class

Exercise 1.

With your eyes closed, holding the object proposed by the teacher in your open palm, try to determine your feelings.

Then, without opening your eyes, feel the object with your hands, examine it. What sensations have been added? Can you identify the subject? Explain the difference between sensation and perception.

Task 2.

Fill the table "The difference between the processes of sensation and perception"(together with the teacher)

Task 3.

A. An ink spot spreading on paper is usually perceived as some kind of object. What feature of perception is manifested in this?

B. Explain the following fact: why, when a person first walks through an unfamiliar area, independently looking for a way, he will easily find it a second time; if he goes along with a companion, to whom the road is well known, is it difficult for a person to make this way on his own next time?

B. A person can instantly recognize a well-known figure, for example, a square, regardless of its size, color, angle of view. On what feature of perception does it depend?

D. Sometimes, when talking on the phone, we do not hear all the sounds of the words spoken by the partner. This does not prevent us from understanding it. Why?

E. How can one explain that the blind born, who regained their sight after the operation, at first do not distinguish visually neither the shape, nor the size, nor the remoteness of objects?

Final control

I. Fill in the gaps:

1. Almost all of our perceptions are the result of previous … .

2. The combination of elements is carried out according to the principles … , … , … And … .

3. Everything that makes sense for a person is perceived as … .

4. The whole picture of perception can be rebuilt as soon as another element … becomes significant.

5. Sensitivity limits are determined … .

6. Sensitization is called … sensitivity under the influence of a weak stimulus.

II. True or false?

1. Perception is a reflection of a separate stimulus.

2. In humans and animals, the ability of receptors to capture signals is limited.

3. Perception is characterized by the direct action of objects on the senses.

4. Perception of the environment depends partly on culture and experience.

5. There is nothing in the world that would not be given to us in our sensations.

6. Perception, as well as sensation, is associated with a separate analyzer.

Topic: Mental process: memory

Target: to form the concept of memory as a cognitive process.

After studying this topic, students should

know:

The concept of processes and types of memory;

be able to:

Use psychological methods for self-diagnosis of memory formation

Distinguish between types of memory, logical operations

Work with techniques to develop and improve memory

Information material:

Memory- preservation and subsequent reproduction by the individual of the totality of information acquired by the brain.

Basic memory processes:

Memorization - fixing the new by linking it with the previously acquired;

Preservation - fixing information related to the activities of the individual;

Reproduction - updating the previously fixed;

Forgetting is the loss of certain information from the content sphere of the psyche.

Types of memory stand out:

1) by the nature of mental activity

Motor - memorization, preservation and reproduction of various movements and their systems;

Emotional - memorization, preservation and reproduction of emotions, feelings, impressions;

Figurative - memorization, preservation and reproduction of images or their individual aspects (color, smell, sound, etc.);

Verbal - logical - memorization, preservation and reproduction of thoughts and images that have a verbal expression.

2) by the nature of the goals of the activity

Involuntary - memorization and preservation without a special purpose;

Arbitrary - memorization with the aim of reproducing through mnemonic techniques.

3) by duration of preservation

Short-term - short storage after a single short-term perception and immediate playback.

It is characterized by duration and volume: duration - about 20 seconds, volume - 7 + 2 elements; if the information is not re-entered, it disappears.

Long-term - has unlimited capacity and duration, but depends on the method of selection and systematization of information; its familiarity and significance for the individual; motivation and the context in which the memorization took place.

Repetition

Briefly

Incoming time- transfer naya

Information memory

Playback possibly in the form:

1) recognition - reproduction of an object during repeated perception;

2) memories - involuntary (through associations, thoughts, images that arise without volitional action) and voluntary (through arbitrary restoration of the situation, associations, etc.)

4. N.K. Platonov. Entertaining psychology. - M., 1999

5. Krysko V.G. General psychology: in schemes and comments. - St. Petersburg, 2007

6. Stolyarenko L.D. General psychology. - St. Petersburg, 2006

Work in class

Exercise 1.

Two groups of students had a lesson on new topic. The first group was told that the material would be tested in the exam. In both groups, the material was conducted after a week. In which group do students remember the material better and why?

Task 2.

A man with a phenomenal memory was read a long series of words in a crowded auditorium and asked to reproduce them. He handled this flawlessly. Then they were asked to name one word from the entire list, denoting an infectious disease (typhus). The people present in the hall quickly remembered this word, and the subject took 2 minutes to complete the task. It turned out that he went over in his mind all the memorized words. What type of memory is manifested in this case?

Many people resort to short notes for better memorization. Why does this technique contribute to better memorization?

Task 4.

In one experiment, a group of subjects were asked to solve 5 arithmetic problems. In the other group, in addition to this task, it was proposed to compose 5 similar tasks. After that, both groups were asked to reproduce the numbers from the conditions of all 10 tasks. Which group performed the task more successfully and why?

Task 5.

Why is it faster to forget in a time-compressed and concentrated preparation for an exam?

Final control

I. Match

1. Remembering A. The process by which

2. Saving is updating fixed

3. Reproduction of information.

4. Forgetting B. The process of

consolidation of new information

by binding to acquired

noah earlier.

B. The process by which

in the cerebral cortex

received

information.

D. The process is

the impossibility of extracting

previously fixed.

II. Match

1. By the nature of mental A. Short-term, long-term,

activity B. Motor, emotional,

2. By the nature of the goals, figurative, verbal-logical.

3. By duration V. Arbitrary, involuntary.

information retention

III. Fill in the gap

1). … short-term memory does not allow you to store more than … elements.

2). The factor of forgetting is the influence … And … activities.

IV. True or false?

one). Information is more easily reproduced in the same context in which memorization took place.

2) The capacity of long-term memory and the duration of information storage depend on the importance of the material.

Topic: Mental process: thinking and imagination

Target: to form the concept of thinking and imagination as a cognitive process.

After studying this topic, students should

know:

The concept of thinking, types and forms of thinking;

The concept of imagination and its types;

be able to:

Use psychological methods for self-diagnosis of the formation of thinking;

Distinguish between types of thinking and imagination;

Work with methods for the development and improvement of thinking (mnemonics that facilitate memorization);

Take intelligence tests.

Information material:

Thinking- the process of cognitive activity, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality.

Forms of thinking:

Concept - a thought that reflects the general, essential and specific features of objects;

Judgment is a reflection of the relationships between objects or their properties;

Inference is a connection between concepts and judgments, as a result of which a new judgment or concept arises.

Types of thinking are classified:

1) by the nature of the means used

Visual - the material for mental activity is presented in a specific form;

Significant - the material for mental activity is presented in a symbolic form.

2) by the nature of the course of cognitive processes

Intuitive - direct discretion of the decision without awareness of the ways to obtain it;

Analytical - understanding the pattern and principle of solution through logical operations. These include:

a) abstraction - isolating the essential features of an object and diverting it from the rest;

b) analysis - the division of the complex into its component parts;

c) generalization - grouping of objects according to a common feature;

d) synthesis - the combination of various aspects into a single whole;

e) comparison - establishing similarities and differences.

3) by the nature of the tasks performed

Practical - solving problems that arise in a specific situation with its capabilities and conditions;

Theoretical - the solution of the problem in general view, search for patterns regardless of the requirements of the situation.

4) by level of development:

Visual-effective (dominates up to 3 years) - cognition through the manipulation of specific objects in a specific situation;

Visual-figurative (up to 7 years) - thinking in images, not concepts;

Verbal-logical - functions on the basis of symbolic means and operates with concepts, logical constructions, goes beyond the situation.

Language- a system of signs and rules for operating them.

Speech- the process of communication between people through language, is considered as special kind activities.

Main literature:

7. M.V. Gamezo, I.A. Domashenko. Atlas of psychology. - M., 1996.

8. R.S. Nemov, Psychology (in 2 volumes), - M., 2004

9. J. Godefroy. What is psychology. - M., 2000.

Dominance is a multi-valued concept that primarily denotes the ability to occupy a dominant position. This concept exists in biology, and in psychology, and in many other branches of science.

Dominance in psychology according to Cattell

Dominance is a character trait that manifests itself in the desire and ability to constantly occupy an important, dominant position in any group, and at the same time influence other people, dictate one's will.

In the psychological test of Cattell, dominance is characterized by such additional properties as independence, perseverance, assertiveness, independence, stubbornness, willfulness, and in some cases aggressiveness, conflict, thirst for admiration, refusal to recognize power, authoritarian behavior, rebelliousness. It is in all these properties and their combination that the tendency to dominance lies.

The dominant personality is easy to recognize - these are talented leaders, entrepreneurs, rulers, people with outstanding organizational skills. It cannot be said that any dominant person is cruel or tries to suppress someone else's will - these traits are extreme.

Hemispheric Dominance and Mental Functions

In addition to the dominance of character, psychology also considers the dominance of the hemispheres. It is no secret that each of the hemispheres of the brain has its own specific functions, and there is an opinion that each person dominates one over the other, thus reinforcing a certain type of thinking and drowning out the second. Let us consider in more detail their mental functions:

Left hemisphere:

1. Abstract thinking.
2. Getting space information on the right.
3. Speech. Logical and analytical functions mediated by the word.
4. Analytical perception, mathematical calculations.
5. Formation of the most complex motor acts.
6. Abstract, generalized, invariant recognition.
7. Establishing the identity of stimuli by name.
8. Management of the organs of the right half of the body.
9. Consistent perception.
10. Estimation of temporal relations.
11. Establishing similarities.

There is a scientific opinion that people with a dominant left hemisphere are most strongly committed to theory, have developed speech, are active, purposeful, and can predict the results of actions and events.

Right hemisphere

1. concrete thinking.
2. Capturing emotional coloring, features of speech.
3. General perception. specific visual perception.
4. Management of the organs of the left half of the body.
5. Establishing the physical identity of stimuli.
6. Correct assessment of the nature of non-speech sounds.
7. Getting space information on the left.
8. Evaluation of spatial relationships.
9. Holistic perception (gestalt).
10. specific recognition.
11. Establishing differences.
12. Ear for music.

A right hemisphere dominant person is more likely to prefer certain specific activities, they are usually slow, calm, unsociable, but very sensitive environment receptive to people and events.

People who have the same developed right and left hemispheres usually combine to some extent in their type of thinking the features inherent in both hemispheres.

In addition, the opinion is known that the dominance of the hemispheres may not manifest itself constantly, but only in some specific cases. Usually, the hemispheres interact sequentially: for example, when processing information, the right hemisphere first turns on, and then the analysis moves to the left, in which the final awareness of the received data takes place.

Of course, each of us can have many different character traits. Have you ever noticed that there are several that really define a person? Some traits are more pronounced than others. One person believes that his main characteristic is frankness, for another it is openness, and so on. These things are different for every person. Some people are more frank, others are punctual, others are sensual, etc. You can list forever.

Below you will find a list of the most common dominant personality traits that have been observed by researchers during social interactions. While some of them are very common, you may not think about it, not notice it. People use different ways interactions, and their personalities are unique. No person is like another. Please remember that the traits described below are in no particular order.

Resilience, fortitude

It's hard to believe that there are some people in this world who are much more resilient than they should be. Do you know anyone like that? They literally bounce off things that should upset them, and nothing can ever bring them down.

good faith

These people are much more aware of things around them than other individuals. They are careful and always do the right thing. They work and are pretty quiet. You probably know many people who are very conscientious.

extroverts

We all most likely have a so-called party friend who fits that description. This person is one of the most socially active people you will ever encounter. His life is about spending time with other people. This is exactly the opposite direction for those who are called introverts.

Curiosity

Curious Varvara had her nose torn off at the market, right? But it turns out that curious people are more capable than others. These individuals are always trying to learn something. Many believe that these people are modern day bookworms with or without books. They are also a little weird, which many agree with.

neuroticism

People with this dominant trait are more capricious and anxious than others. Many feel that sooner or later they too may fall into this category. They are always worried about something and tend to get upset easily.

Rationality

Many people are too rational, you probably know a couple of them. Everything should be based on reason or reduced to logic. These people never want to see things from a different point of view, they have their own.

Hatred

There are many people in this world who are full of hatred. Chances are you know a few. These people believe that the world owes them something, and they tend to dislike those around them. No matter how hard you try, you won't do anything to be good enough for these all-hating individuals.

Compassion

Compassionate people are those who care about others. They pity those who are considered "unfortunate". This is both good and bad, depending on how dominant this trait is in a person's life. Do you think these are the most dominant traits people have in life? If you could add one feature to this list, what would it be?